notesum.ai
Published at December 6Rethinking Time Series Forecasting with LLMs via Nearest Neighbor Contrastive Learning
cs.LG
cs.AI
cs.CL
Released Date: December 6, 2024
Authors: Jayanie Bogahawatte1, Sachith Seneviratne1, Maneesha Perera1, Saman Halgamuge1
Aff.: 1University of Melbourne

| Method | NNCL-TLLM | IP-LLM | Time-LLM | OFA | PatchTST | iTransformer | DLinear | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metric | MSE MAE | MSE MAE | MSE MAE | MSE MAE | MSE MAE | MSE MAE | MSE MAE | |
| ETTh1 | 96 | 0.364 0.394 | 0.366 0.396 | 0.383 0.410 | 0.379 0.402 | 0.379 0.407 | 0.395 0.420 | 0.367 0.396 |
| 192 | 0.395 0.415 | 0.401 0.420 | 0.419 0.435 | 0.415 0.424 | 0.428 0.442 | 0.427 0.441 | 0.401 0.419 | |
| 336 | 0.419 0.430 | 0.412 0.431 | 0.426 0.440 | 0.435 0.440 | 0.465 0.465 | 0.445 0.457 | 0.434 0.449 | |
| 720 | 0.429 0.453 | 0.440 0.458 | 0.428 0.456 | 0.441 0.459 | 0.504 0.500 | 0.537 0.530 | 0.472 0.493 | |
| Avg | 0.402 0.423 | 0.406 0.427 | 0.414 0.435 | 0.418 0.431 | 0.444 0.453 | 0.451 0.462 | 0.418 0.439 | |
| ETTh2 | 96 | 0.273 0.338 | 0.278 0.340 | 0.297 0.357 | 0.289 0.347 | 0.296 0.353 | 0.304 0.360 | 0.301 0.367 |
| 192 | 0.333 0.377 | 0.346 0.385 | 0.349 0.390 | 0.358 0.392 | 0.382 0.404 | 0.377 0.403 | 0.394 0.427 | |
| 336 | 0.360 0.401 | 0.367 0.406 | 0.373 0.408 | 0.383 0.414 | 0.402 0.425 | 0.405 0.429 | 0.506 0.495 | |
| 720 | 0.397 0.434 | 0.400 0.436 | 0.400 0.436 | 0.438 0.456 | 0.444 0.465 | 0.443 0.464 | 0.805 0.635 | |
| Avg | 0.341 0.388 | 0.347 0.391 | 0.355 0.398 | 0.367 0.402 | 0.381 0.411 | 0.382 0.414 | 0.502 0.481 | |
| ETTm1 | 96 | 0.285 0.343 | 0.288 0.346 | 0.291 0.346 | 0.296 0.353 | 0.303 0.351 | 0.312 0.366 | 0.304 0.348 |
| 192 | 0.324 0.365 | 0.323 0.365 | 0.336 0.373 | 0.335 0.373 | 0.341 0.376 | 0.347 0.385 | 0.336 0.367 | |
| 336 | 0.360 0.386 | 0.359 0.390 | 0.362 0.390 | 0.369 0.394 | 0.377 0.401 | 0.379 0.404 | 0.368 0.387 | |
| 720 | 0.411 0.416 | 0.403 0.418 | 0.410 0.421 | 0.418 0.424 | 0.431 0.436 | 0.441 0.442 | 0.421 0.418 | |
| Avg | 0.345 0.378 | 0.343 0.379 | 0.349 0.382 | 0.355 0.386 | 0.363 0.391 | 0.370 0.399 | 0.357 0.389 | |
| ETTm2 | 96 | 0.169 0.260 | 0.165 0.257 | 0.184 0.275 | 0.170 0.264 | 0.173 0.262 | 0.179 0.271 | 0.168 0.263 |
| 192 | 0.227 0.298 | 0.222 0.299 | 0.238 0.310 | 0.231 0.306 | 0.231 0.300 | 0.242 0.313 | 0.229 0.310 | |
| 336 | 0.274 0.330 | 0.277 0.330 | 0.286 0.340 | 0.280 0.339 | 0.292 0.345 | 0.288 0.344 | 0.289 0.352 | |
| 720 | 0.353 0.381 | 0.363 0.390 | 0.379 0.403 | 0.373 0.402 | 0.371 0.394 | 0.378 0.397 | 0.416 0.437 | |
| Avg | 0.256 0.317 | 0.257 0.319 | 0.271 0.332 | 0.265 0.328 | 0.267 0.325 | 0.272 0.331 | 0.275 0.340 | |
| Weather | 96 | 0.146 0.198 | 0.145 0.195 | 0.158 0.210 | 0.162 0.212 | 0.149 0.198 | 0.253 0.304 | 0.176 0.237 |
| 192 | 0.190 0.241 | 0.190 0.235 | 0.197 0.245 | 0.204 0.248 | 0.194 0.241 | 0.280 0.319 | 0.220 0.282 | |
| 336 | 0.243 0.281 | 0.243 0.280 | 0.248 0.285 | 0.254 0.286 | 0.245 0.282 | 0.321 0.344 | 0.265 0.319 | |
| 720 | 0.323 0.338 | 0.312 0.326 | 0.319 0.334 | 0.326 0.337 | 0.314 0.334 | 0.364 0.374 | 0.333 0.362 | |
| Avg | 0.226 0.265 | 0.222 0.259 | 0.230 0.268 | 0.237 0.270 | 0.225 0.264 | 0.304 0.335 | 0.248 0.300 | |
| Traffic | 96 | 0.371 0.274 | 0.379 0.274 | 0.380 0.277 | 0.388 0.282 | 0.360 0.249 | 0.367 0.288 | 0.410 0.282 |
| 192 | 0.390 0.287 | 0.397 0.282 | 0.399 0.288 | 0.407 0.290 | 0.379 0.256 | 0.378 0.293 | 0.423 0.287 | |
| 336 | 0.403 0.296 | 0.407 0.289 | 0.408 0.290 | 0.412 0.294 | 0.392 0.264 | 0.389 0.294 | 0.436 0.296 | |
| 720 | 0.441 0.315 | 0.440 0.301 | 0.445 0.308 | 0.450 0.312 | 0.432 0.286 | 0.401 0.304 | 0.466 0.315 | |
| Avg | 0.401 0.293 | 0.405 0.286 | 0.408 0.290 | 0.414 0.294 | 0.390 0.263 | 0.389 0.295 | 0.433 0.295 | |
| ECL | 96 | 0.142 0.253 | 0.135 0.230 | 0.137 0.237 | 0.139 0.238 | 0.129 0.222 | 0.147 0.248 | 0.140 0.237 |
| 192 | 0.155 0.257 | 0.149 0.247 | 0.150 0.249 | 0.153 0.251 | 0.157 0.240 | 0.165 0.267 | 0.153 0.249 | |
| 336 | 0.173 0.288 | 0.167 0.266 | 0.168 0.266 | 0.169 0.266 | 0.163 0.259 | 0.178 0.279 | 0.169 0.267 | |
| 720 | 0.216 0.316 | 0.200 0.287 | 0.203 0.293 | 0.206 0.297 | 0.197 0.290 | 0.322 0.398 | 0.203 0.301 | |
| Avg | 0.172 0.279 | 0.161 0.257 | 0.164 0.261 | 0.167 0.263 | 0.161 0.252 | 0.203 0.298 | 0.166 0.263 | |