notesum.ai
Published at November 26A Combined Feature Embedding Tools for Multi-Class Software Defect and Identification
cs.SE
Released Date: November 26, 2024
Authors: Md. Fahim Sultan1, Tasmin Karim1, Md. Shazzad Hossain Shaon1, Mohammad Wardat1, Mst. Shapna Akter1
Aff.: 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA

| Extractors | Models | AUC | Acc. | Pre. | Rec. | F1 score | MCC | Kappa | MSE | MAE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GRU | 0.79 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 3.29 | 1.18 | |
| NN | 0.69 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 4.62 | 1.56 | |
| RF | 0.80 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 3.79 | 2.54 | |
| SGD | 0.74 | 0.40 | 0.52 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 4.79 | 1.79 | |
| LSA | DT | 0.68 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 3.55 | 1.81 |
| DeepTree | 0.64 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 3.45 | 1.77 | |
| SVM | 0.77 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 3.48 | 1.43 | |
| LSTM | 0.79 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 3.29 | 1.18 | |
| XGB | 0.79 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 3.78 | 2.14 | |
| BERT | 0.72 | 0.41 | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 3.17 | 1.24 | |
| GRU | 0.81 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 3.29 | 1.18 | |
| NN | 0.67 | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 2.62 | 2.56 | |
| RF | 0.81 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 1.79 | 0.84 | |
| SGD | 0.77 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 3.17 | 1.17 | |
| Glove | DT | 0.63 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 1.55 | 1.01 |
| DeepTree | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 3.45 | 1.77 | |
| SVM | 0.77 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 2.18 | 1.23 | |
| LSTM | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 3.29 | 1.18 | |
| XGB | 0.81 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 1.78 | 0.94 | |
| BERT | 0.65 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 2.47 | 1.54 | |
| GRU | 0.77 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 3.20 | 1.13 | |
| NN | 0.70 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 2.80 | 1.19 | |
| RF | 0.82 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 2.09 | 1.34 | |
| SGD | 0.73 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 3.24 | 1.20 | |
| FastText | DT | 0.56 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 4.55 | 2.81 |
| DeepTree | 0.59 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 3.85 | 1.47 | |
| SVM | 0.77 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 2.18 | 0.93 | |
| LSTM | 0.78 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 3.45 | 1.22 | |
| XGB | 0.81 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 3.51 | 1.24 | |
| BERT | 0.72 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 2.57 | 1.34 | |
| GRU | 0.84 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 3.19 | 1.18 | |
| NN | 0.61 | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.35 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 4.62 | 1.56 | |
| RF | 0.74 | 0.62 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 3.79 | 2.54 | |
| SGD | 0.72 | 0.45 | 0.57 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 4.79 | 1.79 | |
| CodeBERT | DT | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 3.55 | 1.81 |
| DeepTree | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 3.45 | 1.77 | |
| SVM | 0.73 | 0.57 | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 3.48 | 1.43 | |
| LSTM | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 3.29 | 1.18 | |
| XGB | 0.71 | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 3.78 | 2.14 | |
| BERT | 0.69 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 2.87 | 1.26 | |
| GRU | 0.85 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 2.19 | 1.08 | |
| NN | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 2.96 | 1.07 | |
| RF | 0.83 | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 3.79 | 2.54 | |
| SGD | 0.72 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 4.79 | 1.79 | |
| GraphCodeBERT | DT | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 3.55 | 1.81 |
| DeepTree | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 3.45 | 1.77 | |
| SVM | 0.85 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 2.67 | 0.94 | |
| LSTM | 0.81 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 3.29 | 1.18 | |
| XGB | 0.85 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 1.78 | 1.14 | |
| BERT | 0.74 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.43 | 2.95 | 0.39 | |
| GRU | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.78 | 0.25 | |
| NN | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 4.62 | 1.57 | |
| RF | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 3.79 | 2.54 | |
| SGD | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.77 | 0.83 | 0.12 | 0.19 | |
| CodeGraphNet | DT | 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.79 | 2.55 | 1.81 |
| [Ours] | DeepTree | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 1.25 | 0.77 |
| SVM | 0.85 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.48 | 0.48 | |
| LSTM | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 1.29 | 0.78 | |
| XGB | 0.78 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 2.78 | 1.14 | |
| BERT | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.06 | 1.06 |